Peptide Clinical Trial Data: Every Result in One Place

Every major peptide clinical trial result in one place. Sample sizes, weight loss percentages, A1c reductions, cardiovascular outcomes, side effect rates, and journal citations, all from published peer-reviewed data.

Last updated: April 2026. Sources cited at the end of each section.

How to Use This Page

This is a reference, not a narrative article. Jump to the drug you need:

• Semaglutide: STEP trials (weight loss), SUSTAIN trials (diabetes), SELECT (cardiovascular), FLOW (kidney), OASIS (oral)
• Tirzepatide: SURMOUNT trials (weight loss), SURPASS trials (diabetes), CVOT (cardiovascular)
• Pipeline GLP-1s: Retatrutide, CagriSema, survodutide, orforglipron, pemvidutide, mazdutide, amycretin
• Older GLP-1s: Liraglutide (SCALE, LEADER), exenatide (EXSCEL), dulaglutide (REWIND)
• Non-GLP-1 peptides: PT-141, tesamorelin, SS-31, tesofensine, BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu, and others

Master Comparison: Weight Loss Across All Drugs

Master Comparison: Cardiovascular Outcome Trials

Semaglutide: STEP Trials (Weight Loss)

*STEP 4: -17.4% is the total loss (0-68 weeks) for the continued-treatment group. The study randomized at week 20 after an open-label run-in. Switchers to placebo regained to -5.0% by week 68.

Source: Wilding et al. NEJM 2021 (STEP 1); Davies et al. Lancet 2021 (STEP 2); Wadden et al. JAMA 2021 (STEP 3); Rubino et al. JAMA 2021 (STEP 4); Garvey et al. Nature Medicine 2022 (STEP 5); Rubino et al. JAMA 2022 (STEP 8); Weghuber et al. NEJM 2022 (STEP TEENS).

Semaglutide: SELECT Trial (Cardiovascular Outcomes)

N=17,604. Mean follow-up 39.8 months. Population: adults with BMI >=27, established CV disease, no diabetes. Source: Lincoff et al. NEJM 2023.

Semaglutide: FLOW Trial (Kidney Outcomes)

N=3,533. Population: T2D + CKD (eGFR 25-75). Trial stopped early for efficacy. Source: Perkovic et al. NEJM 2024.

Semaglutide: SUSTAIN Trials (Diabetes, Abbreviated)

Sources: Sorli et al. Lancet DE 2017 (S1); Ahren et al. Lancet DE 2017 (S2); Ahmann et al. Diabetes Care 2018 (S3); Aroda et al. Lancet DE 2017 (S4); Rodbard et al. JCEM 2018 (S5); Marso et al. NEJM 2016 (S6); Pratley et al. Lancet DE 2018 (S7).

Tirzepatide: SURMOUNT Trials (Weight Loss)

SURMOUNT-5 comparator: semaglutide 2.4mg lost -13.7%, 31.5% achieved >=20%. Treatment difference: 47% more weight loss with tirzepatide.

Source: Jastreboff et al. NEJM 2022 (S1); Garvey et al. Lancet 2023 (S2); Wadden et al. Nat Med 2024 (S3); NEJM 2025 (S5).

Tirzepatide: SURPASS Trials (Diabetes, Abbreviated)

SURPASS-2 head-to-head: tirzepatide 15mg reduced A1c by -2.46% vs -1.86% for semaglutide 1mg. Weight loss: -11.2 kg vs -5.7 kg. Source: Frias et al. NEJM 2021.

Pipeline GLP-1 Drugs: Trial Data

Retatrutide (Eli Lilly) - GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon Triple Agonist

N=338. Phase 3 TRIUMPH program: 8 trials, >5,800 participants. Readouts expected through 2026. NDA projected late 2026 to Q1 2027. Source: Jastreboff et al. NEJM 2023.

CagriSema (Novo Nordisk) - Semaglutide + Cagrilintide

REDEFINE 1: N=3,417, 68 weeks. CagriSema: -20.4% vs cagrilintide alone -11.5% vs semaglutide alone -14.9% vs placebo -3.0%. Nausea 55%, vomiting 26.1%. FDA filing submitted December 2025. Source: NEJM 2025.

Survodutide (Boehringer Ingelheim) - GLP-1/Glucagon

Phase 2 obesity: N=387, 46 weeks. 4.8mg dose: -14.9% (completers: -18.7%). Also showed 83% MASH improvement at 48 weeks. FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation for MASH. Phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE readouts expected 2026. Source: Lancet DE 2023 (obesity); NEJM 2024 (MASH).

Orforglipron / Foundayo (Eli Lilly) - Oral GLP-1

ATTAIN-1: N=3,127, 72 weeks. 36mg daily: -12.4%. FDA approved April 1, 2026. First non-peptide oral GLP-1 with no food restrictions. Also beat oral semaglutide head-to-head in ACHIEVE-3 (-2.2% vs -1.4% A1c, -9.2% vs -5.3% weight). Source: NEJM 2025.

Pemvidutide (Altimmune) - GLP-1/Glucagon

MOMENTUM Phase 2: N=391, 48 weeks. 2.4mg: -15.6%. Notable: 78.1% of weight loss was fat mass (only 21.9% lean mass), better muscle preservation than most GLP-1s. Also showed 76.4% liver fat reduction in MASH trial (IMPACT). Source: Altimmune press releases 2024-2025.

Amycretin (Novo Nordisk) - GLP-1/Amylin

Phase 1b/2a subcutaneous: N=125. 20mg (36 weeks): -22.0%. Oral formulation: -13.0% at 12 weeks (Phase 1). Phase 3 planned Q1 2026. Projected approval ~2030. Source: The Lancet 2025.

Mazdutide (Innovent/Lilly China) - GLP-1/Glucagon

GLORY-1: N=610, 48 weeks. 6mg: -14.01%. GLORY-2 (9mg): -20.1%. Beat semaglutide head-to-head in DREAMS-3 (-10.29% vs -6.00% weight, -2.03% vs -1.84% A1c). Approved in China June 2025. Source: NEJM 2025.

Older GLP-1 Trials

Liraglutide (Saxenda/Victoza)

SCALE Obesity: N=3,731, 56 weeks. 3mg daily: -8.0%. >=5% loss: 63.2%, >=10%: 33.1%, >=15%: 14.4%. Nausea 40.2%, diarrhea 20.9%, vomiting 16.3%. Source: Pi-Sunyer et al. NEJM 2015.

LEADER CVOT: N=9,340, 3.8 years. Liraglutide 1.8mg: MACE HR 0.87 (P=0.01). CV death HR 0.78 (P=0.007). All-cause mortality HR 0.85 (P=0.02). Source: Marso et al. NEJM 2016.

Dulaglutide (Trulicity)

REWIND CVOT: N=9,901, 5.4 years (longest GLP-1 CVOT). Dulaglutide 1.5mg: MACE HR 0.88 (P=0.026). All-cause mortality HR 0.90 (P=0.067, NS). Source: Gerstein et al. Lancet 2019.

Exenatide (Byetta/Bydureon)

EXSCEL CVOT: N=14,752, 3.2 years. Exenatide ER 2mg: MACE HR 0.91. Non-inferior (P<0.001), but superiority NOT met (P=0.06). Source: Holman et al. NEJM 2017.

Non-GLP-1 Peptide Trial Data

PT-141 / Bremelanotide (Vyleesi) - FDA Approved

Phase 3 (RECONNECT): N=1,267 premenopausal women with HSDD. 1.75mg SubQ PRN. FSFI desire domain: +0.35 (P<0.001). FSDS-DAO distress score: -0.33 (P<0.001). Nausea: ~40%. FDA approved June 2019. Source: Kingsberg et al. Obstet Gynecol 2019.

Tesamorelin (Egrifta) - FDA Approved

Phase 3 (pooled): N=806 HIV+ patients with lipodystrophy. 2mg daily SubQ. Visceral fat reduction: -15.4% at 26 weeks, -17.5% at 52 weeks. Triglycerides: -12.3%. IGF-1 increased ~80%. FDA approved November 2010. Source: Falutz et al. JAMA 2007; JCEM 2010.

SS-31 / Elamipretide - FDA Accelerated Approval

Barth syndrome: N=12 (rare disease). 6-minute walk test improved +96.1 meters (P=0.003). FDA accelerated approval September 2025 for Barth syndrome. Source: FDA approval package 2025.

Tesofensine - Phase 3

Phase 2: N=203, 24 weeks. 0.5mg oral daily: -11.3 kg weight loss (9.2% placebo-subtracted). Mechanism: dopamine/norepinephrine/serotonin triple reuptake inhibitor. Published in Lancet 2008. Phase 3 ongoing (Saniona). Source: Astrup et al. Lancet 2008.

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Zadaxin) - Approved Internationally

Hepatitis B meta-analysis: 7 RCTs, N=535. HBeAg seroconversion: 47% vs 29.5% (OR 2.13). HBV DNA clearance: 58.6% vs 30.7%. Approved in 30+ countries (not FDA-approved). Source: Zhang & Wang meta-analysis.

Kisspeptin-54 - Phase 2

IVF oocyte maturation trigger: N=60. 95% oocyte maturation rate. 0% OHSS rate (vs 5-10% with hCG trigger). 45% live birth rate per transfer. Source: Abbara et al. 2015-2020 trials.

BPC-157 - Preclinical Only

Human data: 2 subjects total in published literature (2025 pilot safety study, IV infusion 10-20mg, no adverse effects on biomarkers). No published human efficacy data. Extensive non-human data across tendon, ligament, muscle, gut, nerve, and bone healing models. Typical doses studied: 6-50 mcg/kg daily.

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4) - Limited Human Data

Phase 2 wound healing trials in pressure ulcers, venous ulcers, and epidermolysis bullosa showed accelerated repair. Ophthalmology trials in dry eye showed improvements lasting beyond treatment. Specific efficacy numbers not published in accessible sources.

GHK-Cu - Preclinical

Wound healing in rats: 64.5% vs 28.2% wound reduction (P<0.05). Performed comparably to 5% minoxidil for hair density in a 2000 comparative study. In vitro: stimulates collagen I, III, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis. No rigorous human clinical trials.

MOTS-c - Preclinical Only

No human clinical trials. Mouse data shows exercise-mimetic metabolic effects: improved insulin sensitivity, increased energy expenditure, reduced fat accumulation. Mitochondria-derived peptide.

Epithalon - In Vitro Only

In vitro telomerase activation: ~10 additional cell divisions in cultured fibroblasts. No published human clinical trials.

AOD-9604 - Failed

Phase 2 (Metabolic Pharmaceuticals): ~300 subjects, 24 weeks. Only 1.8 kg advantage over placebo. Clinical development abandoned 2007. Now sold as a peptide supplement despite failed clinical data.

Side Effect Comparison Across GLP-1 Class

Publication References

All data on this page is sourced from peer-reviewed publications. Key citations:

• Wilding JPH et al. "Semaglutide for weight management." NEJM 2021; 384:989-1002 (STEP 1)
• Jastreboff AM et al. "Tirzepatide for obesity." NEJM 2022; 387:205-216 (SURMOUNT-1)
• Jastreboff AM et al. "Retatrutide Phase 2." NEJM 2023 (Retatrutide)
• Lincoff AM et al. "Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes." NEJM 2023 (SELECT)
• Perkovic V et al. "Semaglutide and kidney outcomes." NEJM 2024 (FLOW)
• Marso SP et al. "Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes." NEJM 2016 (LEADER)
• Marso SP et al. "Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes." NEJM 2016 (SUSTAIN 6)
• Gerstein HC et al. "Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes." Lancet 2019 (REWIND)
• Holman RR et al. "Exenatide and cardiovascular outcomes." NEJM 2017 (EXSCEL)
• Pi-Sunyer X et al. "Liraglutide for weight management." NEJM 2015 (SCALE)
• Frias JP et al. "Tirzepatide vs semaglutide." NEJM 2021 (SURPASS-2)
• NEJM 2025 (SURMOUNT-5, CagriSema REDEFINE, Orforglipron ATTAIN)
• Astrup A et al. "Tesofensine for weight loss." Lancet 2008
• Kingsberg SA et al. "Bremelanotide for HSDD." Obstet Gynecol 2019
• Falutz J et al. "Tesamorelin for HIV lipodystrophy." JAMA 2007